If, for example, a company is successfully producing weapons for foreign or domestic wars — good. But if a company is enriching nonloyal people, or making money for the imagined subrace, the fascists will step in and hand it to someone deemed loyal. If the economy is poor, the fascist will divert attention from shortages to plans for patriotic glory or for vengeance against internal or external enemies.
These grievances cannot be answered, fascists say, if things remain under the status quo. Since for them the law should be subservient to the needs of the people and the need to crush socialism or liberalism, fascists encourage party militias. These enforce the fascist will, break unions , distort elections and intimidate or co-opt the police. He had things all worked out by the time Hitler came to power. Hitler was [initially seen as] a total loser. No one wanted to buy Mein Kampf.
No one was interested in him. Then the Great Depression came, and he boomed. It began with Hitler wanting to adapt what Mussolini had created. Hitler was such a fan of Mussolini; he was writing him, trying to get an autographed picture, trying to meet him. The killing went on after Mussolini became prime minister. Landowners and businessmen in particular supported the suppression of socialism, and their support allowed Mussolini to come to power.
But while Mussolini died in , the ideas he put a name on did not. Though there was a taboo against the idea, at least in theory, after World War II, she has seen its return since the s as a new wave of strongmen have come to power. For fascist governments, the purported goal is autarky, or national self-sufficiency, according to The Library of Economics and Liberty.
In the s and s, fascist leaders pitched this as an effective middle ground between bourgeois, profit-oriented capitalism with a distinct upper and lower class, and revolutionary Marxism that would dismantle many social institutions and persecute the bourgeoisie, or upper class. In the decades prior to WWII in Germany and Italy, fascist cartels business monopolies under government control determined many aspects of commerce, finance, agriculture and manufacturing, and made decisions according to what would further the state's power; however, they also allowed the conservative business elite to maintain property and increase their wealth.
The cartels forcibly lowered wages and paid the workers with national pride. One element of fascism is collaboration with capitalists and the conservative elite. Fascists, even when they start out with radical ideas, always collaborate to move in the direction of protecting private property, Paxton told Live Science. This is, however, an awkward alliance, he said. On July 20, , conservatives tried to assassinate Hitler.
Throughout 20th-century history, fascist regimes have required certain sociocultural and political situations to rise. It is also worth noting that many countries, such as Britain in the s and s, have seen fascist ideas increase in popularity without regimes coming to power or fascist parties becoming star political players. First and foremost, fascist regimes in the 20th century have required extreme national crises to gain popularity and power. After defeat in World War I, many in Germany and Italy were anxious about the future of their countries.
In Germany, "citizens faced poor economic conditions, skyrocketing unemployment, political instability, and profound social change," says the U. Holocaust Memorial Museum.
Meanwhile, Italian citizens were reeling under rising inflation, unemployment, strikes and economic policies that were "confused and inadequate," according to the AHA. Fascism also requires a general belief that the established government parties and institutions are incapable of improving the national situation.
But for a fascist party to become powerful, the combination of a strong national identity and disenchantment with government still needs a catalyst to convince populations to side with what often starts as small fringe movements.
In Germany, and to an extent Italy, this catalyst was the Great Depression, historian Aristotle Kallis, a professor at Keele University in England, said in a lecture on fascism that he delivered in Amsterdam in People felt desperate, ashamed and lost, he added.
In his "Five Stages" essay, Paxton said that fascism could appear only when a society has known political liberty and when democracy is established enough that the people can be disillusioned with it.
For example, Italy had a series of weak, revolving-door governments. And Germany had no effective parliamentary majority for three years before Hitler was named chancellor.
Both countries confronted two possible solutions to the problems of ineffective government, suffering people and national humiliation: communism and fascism. In both struggling Germany and Italy, the political left — consisting of communists and socialists — was gaining traction. In Italy, especially, it appeared that a socialist revolution was imminent.
But the existing government and conservative capitalist elites looked upon communism and socialism unfavorably. Then-Congressman Ron Paul, a libertarian-leaning Republican, did not intend any compliments in when he warned, correctly or not, that America was "slipping into a fascist system.
In the 21st century, foreign policy experts have raised the alarm about a number of government shifting in the direction of fascism, or, at least, fascism-lite. Former U. Secretary of State Madeleine Albright has pointed to the emergence of increasingly authoritarian leaders in countries such as Hungary , Turkey, the Philippines , Poland and Venezuela.
President Trump's approach to campaigning and leadership has drawn comparisons to fascist-style authoritarianism. In a September interview, his Democratic rival Joe Biden pointed out some similarities. That's another one.
Then, there's a second level, which is a level of style and technique. He even looks like Mussolini in the way he sticks his lower jaw out, and also the bluster, the skill at sensing the mood of the crowd, the skillful use of media.
Even some Hollywood stars have likened President Trump to fascist leaders. But is that comparison accurate? It's true Mr. Trump has signaled encouragement for some of his more violent supporters, and he's sent federal forces into cities where protests were simmering.
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