This portal is hosted by Wageningen Centre for Development Innovation. For more information on WCDI, please follow the links:. Managing for Sustainable Development Impact. Login Register. Home Sustainable livelihoods security framework. It also helps you to understand the context, assets, structures and processes, to develop livelihood strategies and achieve outcomes When to use it?
It is used when you want to develop a more comprehensive and integrated understanding of poverty and livelihoods of people, in particular How difficult is it to use it? Tool for thought and for action Benefits It can provide a holistic and multi- dimensional profile at the micro-level in terms of food, nutrition, livelihood, and the realisation of rights.
Element 5: Analysis of outcomes; results from choosing strategies Livelihood outcomes are the achievements or outputs of livelihood strategies. For example, more income; increased well-being; reduced vulnerability; improved food security; more sustainable use of natural resource base Value of outcomes is difficult to weigh against each other Different outcomes may result in a conflict Non-tangible outcomes are difficult to assess Identify and analyse the most appropriate intervention s given the livelihood context, assets, access to structures and processes and the livelihood strategies currently being adopted Sources or further readings Livelihoods toolbox Sustainable rural livelihoods: a framework for analysis.
IDS working paper Ian Scoones. This primary focus on food supplies as the major cause of food insecurity was given credence at the World Food Conference. A Focus on Household Food Security with an Emphasis on Food Access s The limitations of the food supply focus came to light during the food crisis that again plagued Africa in the mids.
It became clear that adequate food availability at the national level did not automatically translate into food security at the individual and household levels. Researchers and development practitioners realized that food insecurity occurred in situations where food was available but not accessible because of an erosion to people's entitlement to food Borton and Shoham Sen's theory on food entitlement had a considerable influence in this change in thinking, representing a paradigm shift in the way that famines were conceptualized.
Food entitlements of households derive from their own production, income, gathering of wild foods, community support claims , assets, migration etc.
Thus a number of socio-economic variables have an influence on a household's access to food. In addition, worsening food insecurity was viewed as an evolving process where the victims were not passive to its effects.
Social anthropologists observed that vulnerable populations exhibited a sequence of responses to economic stress, giving recognition to the importance of behavioral responses and coping mechanisms in food crises Frankenberger By the late s donor organizations, local governments and NGOs began to incorporate socio-economic information in their diagnoses of food insecurity. The household food security approach that evolved in the late s emphasized both the availability and stable access to food.
Thus, food availability at the national and regional level and stable and sustainable access at the local level were both considered essential to household food security. Interest was centered on understanding food systems, production systems, and other factors that influence the composition of food supply and a household's access to that supply over time.
What was not clear was how nutritional outcomes were factored into food security deliberations. A Focus on Nutritional Security with an Emphasis on Food, Health and Mother and Child Care early s Work on the causes of malnutrition demonstrated that food is only one factor in the malnutrition equation, and that in addition to dietary intake and diversity, health and disease, and maternal and child care are also important determinants UNICEF Household food security is a necessary but not sufficient condition for nutritional security.
Researchers found that there were two main processes that have a bearing on nutritional security. The first determines access to resources for food for different households.
This is the path from production or income to food. The second process involves the extent to which the food obtained is subsequently translated into satisfactory nutritional levels World Bank This work on nutritional security demonstrated that growth faltering cannot necessarily be directly related to a failure in household food security. It shifted the emphasis away from simple assumptions concerned with household access to food, resource base, and food systems, by demonstrating the influence of health and disease, "caring" capacity, environmental sanitation, and the quality and composition of dietary intake on nutritional outcomes.
A Focus on Household Livelihood Security s Research work carried out in the late s and early s indicated that the focus on food and nutritional security as they were currently conceived needed to be broadened. It was found that food security is but one sub-set of objectives of poor households.
Food is only one of a whole range of factors which determined why the poor make decisions and spread risk, and how they finely balanced competing interests in order to subsist in the short and longer term Maxwell and Smith People may choose to go hungry to preserve their assets and future livelihoods.
It is misleading to treat food security as a fundamental need, independent of wider livelihood considerations. Thus, the evolution of the concepts and issues related to household food and nutritional security led to the development of the concept of Household Livelihood Security.
The HLS model adopted by CARE allows for a broader and more comprehensive understanding of the relationships between the political economy of poverty, malnutrition, and dynamic and complex strategies that the poor use to negotiate survival. The model places particular emphasis on household actions, perceptions and choices; food is understood to be only one of the priorities that people pursue.
The third component of the livelihood security framework is a safety net. Earlier, I said that, while more flexible hire-and-fire rules will provide an incentive to employers to hire more workers under a formal contracting arrangement, it is not consistent with security.
A formal safety net is, therefore, the other side of the coin as we move ahead with the labour market reform agenda. Smith The basic problem with permanent employment is that it loads the entire cost of the safety net on to the employer.
Effectively, the employer is being asked to provide livelihood security to the worker regardless of business conditions. An economy whose competitive strength is based on the low cost of labour will inevitably find this strength being eroded if the employer is asked to pay the wage plus the entire cost of the safety net. The need for a safety net is unquestionable. What we must do is to find the most efficient way to finance it. Experience suggests that viable safety nets are financed by a combination of contributions from workers, employers and the government.
We already have a safety net in place for rural workers with the explicit objective of livelihood security in the form of the NREGS. It is exclusively funded by the government, which clearly imposes limits on its scale. If we are to expand coverage to workers in manufacturing and services, clearly, public funding will not be enough. We need to start thinking very quickly about putting in place a tripartite safety net, which will complement the increased flexibility in the employment contract without placing an undue burden on individual employers.
Let me conclude by re-emphasizing the proposition that livelihood security must be given a central place in the overall strategy for economic development. The three components of security — jobs, skills and safety nets — need to be addressed simultaneously in order to achieve it meaningfully. In each of these, there are clear signs of forward movement, but other issues, which are not yet in the focus of the policy debate, need to be brought quickly into consideration as well.
Related Books. Related Topics Global Development India.
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