What is Mannose 5. Glucose is an organic compound having the chemical formula C6H12O6. It is a simple sugar molecule. We can find glucose as the most abundant monosaccharide molecule among carbohydrate compounds. Its sources are plants where glucose is produced and algae, in which photosynthesis can take place to produce glucose from carbon dioxide and water, using the energy from sunlight.
Moreover, in the energy metabolism of animals, glucose is the most important source of energy. This energetic form of glucose is called starch and amylopectin when stored in the plant, and it is known as glycogen in animals.
We can extract glucose from its sources, and it is also available as a commercial product in the market. This substance appears as a white powder and is very sweet tasting. Glucose molecule is called a hexose because it contains six carbon atoms per molecule. Hexose is a subcategory of the group of monosaccharide. There are two isomeric forms of glucose as D-glucose and L-glucose and D-isomer is the most stable and abundant isomeric form.
It occurs widely in nature. We can obtain glucose through the hydrolysis of carbohydrates such as milk sugar or lactose, from sucrose that occurs in sugar cane, from maltose, from cellulose from plants, etc.
When considering the chemical structure of the glucose molecule, it contains five hydroxyl groups -OH. These hydroxyl groups are arranged in a specific pattern along its six-carbon backbone. Apart from having two isomeric forms, there are two different arrangement of hydroxyl groups in the carbon ring structure of the glucose; these are named as alpha structure and beta structure. Galactose is the C4 epimer of the glucose molecule.
Therefore, galactose also has the same chemical formula as glucose C6H12O6. Sometimes this compound name is abbreviated as Gal. It is a monosaccharide sugar molecule having a sweet taste similar to glucose. We can name this compound as an aldohexose because it is a hexose sugar having an aldehyde functional group.
When a galactose molecule is combined with a glucose molecule, it forms a lactose molecule. Moreover, the polymeric form of galactose is galactan, and we can find in hemicellulose. When considering the chemical structure of galactose, it can occur in both open-chain and cyclic form. There is a carbonyl group at the end of the chain.
There are four isomers of galactose molecule that exist in the cyclic form. These cyclic forms have two anomeric forms as alpha and beta forms. We can find the sources of galactose mainly among dairy products such as fresh milk, yoghurt, in avocados, sugar beets, etc. Moreover, galactose molecules can be synthesized in our body.
Upregulation of genes controlling the glycolytic pathway under normoxia, known as the Warburg effect, clearly differentiates malignant from non-malignant cells. The resurgence of interest in cancer metabolism aims at a better understanding of the metabolic differences between malignant and non-malignant cells and the creation of novel therapeutic and diagnostic agents exploiting these differences.
Modified d-glucose and d-mannose analogs were shown to interfere with the metabolism of their respective monosaccharide parent molecules and are potentially clinically useful anticancer and diagnostic agents. One such agent, 2-deoxy-d-glucose 2-DG , has been extensively studied in vitro and in vivo and also clinically evaluated. Studies clearly indicate that 2-DG has a pleiotropic mechanism of action.
In addition to effectively inhibiting glycolysis, 2-DG has also been shown to affect protein glycosylation.
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