Sterile Eye Dropper Bottles, Nozzles and Caps are also available, as are bottles and caps in alternative colours for viable production runs. Download PDF. Containers made from Glass, Plastic and Aluminium including vials, bottles and tubes. Suitable for use with pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and healthcare products. Adelphi is West's largest stockist of rubber stoppers and aluminium crimp seals in Europe. We also hold large range of screw caps from various suppliers.
Precision dosing and minimal priming. Pumps and sprays are manufactured by Aero Pump and produced for the pharmaceutical and healthcare industries. We offer a range of boxes from stock and can produce bespoke options for the storage and transportation of vials, ampoules, dropper bottles etc. There were a large variation of the squeezing force and interval of eye drops among eyedropper bottles. The shape of the eyedropper bottle and the presence of the filter membrane may influence squeezing force and eye drop interval.
The ease and accurate instillation are very important for proper eye drop treatment, but the great difference in squeezing force and interval among eye drop bottles may result in poor eye drop treatment. We reported that the number of aged subjects with glaucoma will increase in the near future [ 18 ].
The older the patient, the more likely there will be physical difficulties in administering eye drops. Proper use of eye drops is fundamental to ophthalmic treatment, and it is therefore necessary to develop eyedropper bottles or eye drop aids focusing on squeezing forces and eye drop interval. Bottle design is important for proper use of topical therapeutics.
Unification of eyedropper bottles may be one resolution to standardize eye drop instillation dynamics. The author deeply appreciates the cooperation of Ms.
Ryoko Kuwabara for helping with the measurement of squeezing force. Table A: list on investigated eyedroppers. Supplemental Figure 1: correlation between the second drop squeezing force and the difference in two drops squeezing force. Supplemental Figure 2: correlation between the difference in two drops squeezing force and interval time of two drops. National Center for Biotechnology Information , U.
Journal List J Ophthalmol v. J Ophthalmol. Published online Apr Kenji Kashiwagi. Author information Article notes Copyright and License information Disclaimer. Corresponding author. Kenji Kashiwagi: pj.
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. This article has been cited by other articles in PMC. Abstract Purpose We aimed to investigate squeezing force and dispensing time interval of the first and second eye drops among a variety of eyedropper bottles and to clarify associated factors within these parameters.
Methods A total of 87 eyedropper bottles were involved in this study. Results The mean squeezing forces of the first drop and the second drops were 8.
Conclusions The squeezing force of eyedropper bottles was very wide, which may affect proper eye drop instillation. Introduction Eye drop instillation is the main treatment for ophthalmic medicine, and the majority of patients with ocular diseases use eye drops for daily ophthalmic care. Methods This study did not require any ethical actions because no animals or human beings participated in this study.
Investigated Eyedropper Bottles Among the ophthalmic solutions approved as prescription or ophthalmic test drugs by the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare of Japan, those that pharmaceutical companies agreed to provide for this study were subject to investigation. Table 1 Investigated eyedropper bottles.
Category Number Number of filter membrane Ocular hypotensive 35 6 Dry eye 11 1 Antibiotics 9 0 Steroid 8 0 Antiallergy 8 1 Nonsteroid anti-inflammatory 4 0 Asthenopia 2 0 Mydriatics 5 0 Topical anesthesia 2 0 Cataract 1 0 Immunosuppressant 1 0 Total 86 8.
Open in a separate window. Squeezing Force Measuring System We prepared a squeezing force measuring system, referring to a report by Moore et al.
Figure 1. Measurement of Squeezing Force All studies were performed at room temperature. Investigated Parameters and Statistical Analysis We investigated the required squeezing forces for the first and second eye drops and the time interval between the two drops. Results 3. Investigated Eyedropper Bottles Table 1 summarizes investigated eye drops by category of ocular disease in this study.
Squeezing Force and Intervals among Eyedropper Bottles without Filter Membranes Table 2 shows squeezing force of 78 eyedropper bottles without filter membranes. Table 2 Measured values.
Squeezing force of the first drop N 8. CI: confidential interval. Associated Factors with Squeezing Force The shape of the eyedropper bottles was significantly associated with squeezing force of the first drop. Table 3 Comparison of squeezing force and shape of eyedropper bottles. Table 4 Comparison of drop interval and shape of eyedropper bottles. Comparison of Squeezing Force in Each Category of Ocular Disease We investigated the relationship with squeezing power by category of ocular disease.
Figure 2. Effects of Filter Membrane to Squeezing Force The effects of filter membranes to squeezing force were investigated using eight pairs of eyedropper bottles containing the same drug contents.
Figure 3. Multivariate Regression Analysis for Associated Factors Multivariate regression analysis was performed on factors that affect squeezing force of eyedropper bottles employing all eyedropper bottles. Figure 4. Discussion This study compared the squeezing force required for the first and second drops of ophthalmic eye drops and the dispersing time interval between these two drops using commonly employed prescription ophthalmic solutions.
Conclusions There were a large variation of the squeezing force and interval of eye drops among eyedropper bottles. Acknowledgments The author deeply appreciates the cooperation of Ms. Data Availability The data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.
Conflicts of Interest The author declares that there are no conflicts of interest. Availability In stock. Add to cart. Note: Electronic products sold in US store operate on volts, a step-down power converter is required for the smooth device function. It is mandatory to know the wattage of the device in order to choose the appropriate power converter. Recommended power converters Buy Now.
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