Which foods contain ribose

D-ribose, more commonly referred to as ribose, is a type of simple sugar. It's a key component of some genetic material, and it makes up part of riboflavin, or vitamin B-2, which your body uses to make energy. Ribose is not an essential nutrient because your body manufactures it, but it is found in a variety of plant and animal foods.

Aim for an intake of 1. Red meat, poultry, fish and nuts are quality sources of riboflavin or ribose. Three ounces of roasted, light meat chicken contains 0. Three ounces of ground beef contains 0. One ounce of almonds provides you with 0. These foods also contain protein, other B vitamins, zinc, iron, magnesium and vitamin E.

Opt for lean meats, and eat 8 ounces of fish per week, which can reduce your risk of heart disease. Milk and eggs are excellent sources of riboflavin. One cup of skim milk contains 0. Most makers of these supplements recommend doses between one to 10 grams per day.

When should I take D-ribose? To improve the ability of people with coronary artery disease to exercise, the following D-ribose dosage by mouth has been studied: 15 grams four times daily taken one hour prior to exercise until the end of the exercise session.

In other words, take three grams every 10 minutes during exercises. This has been used to decrease muscle stiffness and cramps caused by exercising. Ribose and deoxyribose are both five-carbon sugars that each contain 10 hydrogen atoms.

The molecular formula of ribose is C 5 H 10 O 5, and the molecular formula of deoxyribose 2-deoxyribose is C 5 H 10 O 4. Does DNA contain ribose? RNA stands for ribonucleic acid, and it is a complex compound that plays a vital role in cellular production of proteins. It also replaces DNA deoxyribonucleic acid as a carrier of genetic codes in some viruses.

The biggest difference between deoxyribose vs. Meanwhile, the deoxyribose in DNA is a modified sugar and lacks one oxygen atom. This single oxygen atom difference between the two sugars is key to distinguishing the two sugars within organisms.

For most people, D-ribose is typically safe by mouth on a short-term basis or when a health care provider administers it intravenously by IV. Are there any D-ribose dangers? Some potential side effects include upset stomach, diarrhea, nausea and headache.

Does ribose raise blood sugar? Actually, it may decrease blood sugar so, typically, people with hypoglycemia or diabetes should not take these type of supplements. In addition, you should not take it two weeks prior to any surgery due to its possible blood sugar effects. Drugs known to moderately interact with this naturally occurring sugar include insulin and other antidiabetes drugs. Other things that may have more minor interactions include alcohol, aspirin, choline magnesium trisalicylate Trilisate , propranolol Inderal and salsalate Disalcid.

Check with your doctor before taking these supplements if you are pregnant, nursing, have an ongoing medical condition or currently take any medication.

Josh Axe is on a mission to provide you and your family with the highest quality nutrition tips and healthy recipes in the world What Is Ribose? D-Ribose Benefits and Uses 1. Supports Heart Health 2. Enhances Exercise 3. More Nutrition Dr. Axe on Facebook Dr. Axe on Twitter 13 Dr. Axe on Instagram Dr. Axe on Google Plus Dr. Axe on Youtube Dr. Read More. Axe on Twitter 5 Dr. The initial assessment performed by the UK authority concludes that these effects are not expected to be relevant for humans at the proposed intake levels.

Nevertheless, the observed effects may not yet be understood sufficiently to allow drawing a firm conclusion. A margin of exposure of 21 for toddlers is not considered to be sufficient, as they are a particularly sensitive group of individuals. This is the case for the present application. The safety assessment of this novel food NF is based on data supplied in the application and information submitted by the applicant following European Union Food Safety Authority EFSA requests for supplementary information.

During the assessment, the Panel identified additional data which were not included in the application. A common and structured format on the presentation of NF applications is described in the EFSA guidance on the preparation and presentation of a NF application 1.

As indicated in this guidance, it is the duty of the applicant to provide all of the available proprietary, confidential and published scientific data, including both data in favour and not in favour to supporting the safety of the proposed NF. Figure 1 represents one of the structures. Bioenergy employs B. In the initial step of the production process, B. In the following production step, the culture broth is filtered to remove bacteria and bacterial fragments, solid particles and large molecules and is then purified and decolourised.

Inorganic ions are then removed by ion exchange, and further filtration removes salts and small molecules. These filtration and purification steps are followed by concentration through evaporation. The absence of residual biomass in the final product was confirmed by the results of a Bradford assay limit of detection 0. No protein was detected in the samples using the method described therefore excluding the presence of residual protein.

The amounts of residual ethanol from the crystallisation step were analysed in five production lots. Finally, the applicant provided a list of control points and general considerations excluding the presence of potential impurities resulting from the production process. The Panel considers that the production process is sufficiently described and does not raise safety concerns.

The applicant provided product analysis of five independent production lots Table 1. The Panel considers that the information provided on the composition of the NF is sufficient and does not raise safety concerns. The test parameters included purity, colour, appearance, moisture content, bulk density and microbial counts. The product settled and became slightly yellow during storage. The bulk density and purity of the product decreased slightly.

All the microbial counts remained consistent and within the limits of specifications. At the request of the Panel, the applicant has provided a study report, including the specification of the methods used to test the parameters, assessing the stability of three additional production lots.

The report provides data on purity, loss on drying, clarity and bulk density at different time points over 24 months. All lots were in line with the previous assessment apart from one lot being slighty below the expected clarity at the end of the observation period. The Panel considers that the data provided sufficient information with respect to the stability of the NF.

The specifications proposed for the NF are indicated in Table 2. They include physical and chemical parameters as well as chemical and biological contaminants. The Panel considers that the information provided on the specifications of the NF is sufficient and does not raise safety concerns. The process for the production of the NF which is the subject of the application employs B.

The applicant provided a review of the scientific literature on the B. According to the applicant's review, B. In response to an EFSA request regarding the identification of producer microorganism at strain level, the applicant provided data of the transketolase and transaldolase gene sequences.

These genes that encode two enzymes of the pentose phosphate pathway PPP showed multiple point mutations that allow the differentiation of the strain from reference strains. Ribose serves as a precursor for the synthesis of purine nucleotides.

Cyclic ADP ribose is also involved as a messenger in insulin secretion. In a tiered approach, the applicant provided estimates of the anticipated intake of the NF based on the summary statistics from the EFSA Comprehensive European Food Consumption Database, which generally leads to an overestimation of anticipated daily intakes.

For the estimation of the intake, the Panel considered the uses proposed by the applicant as reported in Table 3. For the purpose of the exposure assessment, these food categories were recodified according to the FoodEx classification system EFSA, b. Assuming that food supplements would be consumed only by the target population i. The applicant reported that that low levels of free ribose are consumed daily through the diet, but concluded that the actual levels are difficult to quantify due to the impact of processing on the levels within the various foods.

Ribose is reported to be present in meat in varying amounts, e. The cooking process is reported to reduce the quantity of free ribose as this is involved in Maillard reactions. Based on the estimated mean daily intake of carbohydrates in the UK, i. The expected intake of the NF from fortified foods only, for the different population groups, is reported in Table 4.

The combined intake estimates are reported in Table 5. The same study reported that serum levels of ribose increased from 1.

Both after oral and intravenous administration, a steady state of urinary excretion of ribose occurred after 60— min, which was about at the same time as the steady state of the serum concentration of ribose. Twelve healthy adults mean body weight Under fed conditions, T max was unchanged; however, C max and AUC decreased with both kind of meals by After 5—60 min, animals were sacrificed and distribution of radioactivity was analysed by light and electron microscopy.

To identify the chemical nature of the label, tissues were treated with RNAse, DNAse and amylase and disappearance of the label was monitored. Radioactivity was broadly distributed in the body, with highest amounts in hepatocytes. In addition, amylase resistant radioactivity was detected, especially in cells of secretory glands. Radioactivity was taken up in liver and brain with the uptake being several fold greater in liver than in brain.

Highest radioactivity was found in the liver within 5 min after application. Lower amounts about half of the values or less per g tissue were found in the brain and at later time points Gaitonde and Arnfred, Gaitonde and Arnfred investigated the time course of appearance of metabolites and distribution in liver, blood and brain.

In the liver and blood, 14 C was mostly found in free sugars mainly glucose during the first half hour after administration, but later more 14 C was found in carboxylic acids, nucleotides and sugar phosphates. In the brain in contrast, the majority of 14 C was found in amino acids, carboxylic acids, nucleotides and sugar phosphates rather than free sugars.

In the clinical study by Thompson et al. While the substance excreted in the beginning was ribose, at later time points other not identified substances prevailed.

No cytotoxicity was observed. Both in the presence and absence of metabolic activation the mutant frequency was increased not dose dependently at single dose levels in one of two trials.

These findings were not reproduced in the second trial. The mice were sacrificed either 24 or 48 h after treatment. Even though the genotoxicity testing strategy is not fully in line with current EFSA recommendations EFSA Scientific Committee, , as no in vitro mammalian micronucleus test was provided, the Panel considers that there is no concern with respect to genotoxicity of the NF. In the last week of the treatment period, urine was collected in 10 rats per sex.

With the exception of the first weeks of treatment, and some time points later, the mean feed consumption and feed conversion efficiency values were comparable across all study groups. Significantly lower haemoglobin and packed cell volumes in females all dose levels were considered as not treatment related, as there was no relation to dose and the control value was unusually high, compared to historical control values. Clinical chemistry indicated some statistically significant findings.

The statistically significant decrease observed in all parameters in urinalyses for animals in the highest dose group density, glucose, glucose creatinine molar ratio, pH was therefore attributed by the authors to the dilution due to the increased urinary volume.

Relative kidney weights were significantly increased in all treated males. Both, absolute and relative full caecal weights were significantly higher in both sexes. The Panel has no information, whether the control diet containing potato starch, compared to the conventional rodent diet containing barley would itself result in reduced body weight. Therefore, a much higher effect of ribose on body weight, compared to conventional diet may be possible.

These effects, which are not associated with histopathological changes in the caecum, are regarded as physiological adaptation to the presence of incompletely digestible carbohydrates Leegwater et al. Increased water intake is considered a result of osmolar imbalance and leads to dilution of urine.

The Panel notes, however, that reductions in the amount of glucose in 24h urine and in relation to creatinine cannot be explained by dilution of the urine. Whether these effects are adverse is unknown. Effects on liver weight are accompanied by slight increases in serum alkaline phosphatase and aspartate aminotransferase and decreases in total protein.

The Panel considers other changes in organ weights rather as secondary to the reduced body weight. Based on feed consumption this results in an average dose of 0. All animals survived to the scheduled caesarean section on day The authors reported that gross observations at scheduled necropsy and caesarean section on day 21 were unremarkable. External observations of foetuses and placentas were also unremarkable in all the study groups.

No significant differences were observed, across all viable foetuses between treated and control groups for mean foetal and placental weights. Similarly, observations of visceral malformations, anomalies and variations were unremarkable and did not differ between treated and control groups. Significant skeletal malformations and variations were also not observed between groups.

The incidences for one wavy rib and for two or more wavy ribs did not reach statistical significance when analysing foetuses and litters separately.

Furthermore, dose dependent and statistically significant differences between control and treated groups in the incidences of incomplete ossification of the frontal, parietal and interparietal bones were reported. Both these foetal effects are observed frequently in developmental toxicity studies and are often secondary to maternal toxicity Carney and Kimmel, Only one study Seifert et al. In the uncontrolled study by Seifert et al.