He called for the unity of all nationalists to achieve the common goal of independence. In , he assisted in the formation of the Indonesian independence movement party, Partai Nasional Indonesia PNI and became its first chairperson.
His defence speech became a classic example of national liberation literature. In spite of his resignation from Partindo and his promise to the authorities to abstain from political activity, he was exiled first to flores and then to Bengkulu. When the Japanese assumed power in , Sukarno returned to Jakarta where, with the occupation regime, he served as Chairperson of its mass organisations and of a Central Advisory Committee. In those positions, he was able to soften some Japanese demands, and through access to the radio provided in all villages, he became the most widely known Indonesian leader.
He was at the center of the Proclamation of Independence on 17 August , and served as president throughout the revolution and into the national period. In the late s he cultivated new allies internally, and raised his stature internationally, staging a political comeback.
After he governed as a dictator, and under the banner of Guided Democracy, he ruled by maintaining a tenuous balance between the mutually antagonistic army and Communist Party. By March of Suharto had largely sidelined Sukarno. He was formally removed as president in In the years after his death, Australian and US-based scholars published broadly about the life and works of Sukarno, although it was not until a decade after his death that Indonesians began to process his legacy.
Sukarno, sometimes addressed as nationalist brother Bung Karno , shaped his own story in Sukarno , and although it requires critical distance, it remains invaluable as the only autobiographical text. Use Bung Karno to track down Indonesian-language writings not cited here. Bung Karno: sebuah bibliografi memuat daftar karya oleh dan tentang Bung Karno. Jakarta, Indonesia: Haji Masagung, Bibliography of writings by and about Sukarno. Especially useful for tracking down less-well known writings and speeches of Sukarno, and for memoirs and other appraisals of Sukarno published in Indonesia during the s and s.
Dahm, Bernard. Sukarno and the Struggle for Indonesian Independence. Although the book-length study ends in , Dahm argues that the ideologies and practices he developed before the revolution remained consistent during his subsequent presidency. Giebels, Lambert.
Soekarno: Nerderlandsch onderdaan, Een Biografie — Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, Sympathetic biography by Dutch politician turned historian. Under the dual threat of a strong Indonesian guerrilla effort and international pressure, the Dutch yielded.
On May 7, , they signed the Roem-van Roijen Agreement, turning over Yogyakarta to the Nationalists and releasing Sukarno and the other leaders from prison.
On December 27, , the Netherlands formally agreed to relinquish its claims to Indonesia. In August , the last part of Indonesia became independent from the Dutch. Sukarno's role as president was mostly ceremonial, but as the "Father of the Nation" he wielded a lot of influence. The new country faced a number of challenges; Muslims, Hindus, and Christians clashed; ethnic Chinese clashed with Indonesians; and Islamists fought with pro-atheist communists.
In addition, the military was divided between Japanese-trained troops and former guerrilla fighters. In October , the former guerrillas surrounded Sukarno's palace with tanks, demanding that the parliament be dissolved. Sukarno went out alone and gave a speech, which convinced the military to back down. New elections in did nothing to improve stability in the country, however.
Parliament was divided among all the various squabbling factions and Sukarno feared the entire edifice would collapse. Sukarno felt he needed more authority and that Western-style democracy would never function well in volatile Indonesia.
Despite protests from Vice President Hatta, in he put forth his plan for "guided democracy," under which Sukarno, as president, would lead the population to a consensus on national issues. In December , Hatta resigned in opposition to this blatant power grab—a shock to citizens around the country.
That month and into March , military commanders in Sumatra and Sulawesi ousted the Republican local governments and took power. They demanded that Hatta be reinstated and communist influence over politics end. Sukarno responded by installing Djuanda Kartawidjaja as vice president, who agreed with him on "guided democracy," and declaring martial law on March 14, Amid growing tensions, Sukarno went to a school function in Central Jakarta on November 30, A member of the Darul Islam group tried to assassinate him there with a grenade.
Sukarno was unharmed, but six school children died. Sukarno tightened his grip on Indonesia, expelling 40, Dutch citizens and nationalizing all of their property, as well as that of Dutch-owned corporations such as the Royal Dutch Shell oil company.
He also instituted rules against ethnic-Chinese ownership of rural land and businesses, forcing many thousands of Chinese to move to the cities and , to return to China.
To quell military opposition in the outlying islands, Sukarno engaged in all-out air and sea invasions of Sumatra and Sulawesi. The rebel governments had all surrendered by the beginning of , and the last guerrilla troops surrendered in August On July 5, , Sukarno issued a presidential decree voiding the current Constitution and reinstating the Constitution, which gave the president significantly broader powers. He dissolved parliament in March and created a new Parliament, for which he directly appointed half of the members.
The military arrested and jailed members of the opposition Islamist and socialist parties and shut down a newspaper that had criticized Sukarno. The president also began to add more communists to the government so that he wouldn't be solely reliant on the military for support. In response to these moves toward autocracy, Sukarno faced more than one assassination attempt. On March 9, , an Indonesian Air Force officer strafed the presidential palace with the machine gun on his MiG, trying unsuccessfully to kill Sukarno.
Islamists later shot at the president during Eid al-Adha prayers in , but again Sukarno was unhurt. In , Sukarno's hand-picked Parliament appointed him president for life. As a dictator, he made his own speeches and writings mandatory subjects for all Indonesian students, and all mass media in the country was required to report only on his ideology and actions. To top his cult of personality, Sukarno renamed the highest mountain in the country "Puntjak Sukarno," or Sukarno Peak, in his own honor.
The military resented the rapid growth of communism and began to seek an alliance with Islamist leaders, who also disliked the pro-atheism communists. Sensing that the military was growing disillusioned, Sukarno rescinded martial law in to curb the Army's power.
In April , the conflict between the military and communists increased when Sukarno supported communist leader Aidit's call to arm the Indonesian peasantry. Don't have an account? Sign in via your Institution. You could not be signed in, please check and try again. Sign in with your library card Please enter your library card number. Sukarno, Achmad —70 in World Encyclopedia Length: words. Sukarno, Achmad b. All rights reserved.
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