Fibrocapsa has had devastating impacts on mariculture operations in Japan. Karlodinium veneficum may cause water to become discolored a reddish-brown and form Mahogany tides.
Mahogany tides may also severely reduce the amount of oxygen available to living resources at localized bloom sites. Prymnesium parvuum , aka Golden Algae, releases unique toxins that affect gill-breathing aquatic organisms no apparent effects on animals that do not breathe through gills. Under certain conditions this algae outcompetes others to cause blooms with massive impacts.
Pfiesteria piscicida is a heterotrophic dinoflagellate; it has no chloroplasts or photosynthetic capabilities and relies on prey consumption for energy. First discovered in North Carolina, this species is found in estuaries on the Atlantic coast of the US and includes both toxic and non-toxic strains.
Toxic strains of Pfiesteria piscicida will actively attack fish, leading to lesions and neurologic symptoms such as lethargy, erratic swimming, panic, air gulping and narcosis.
Major events caused by Pfiesteria piscicida have been on the order of 1,,, fish killed. Affected species include juvenile Atlantic menhaden, American eel, Atlantic croaker, catfish, tilapia, striped bass, sheepshead, flounder, striped mullet and white perch.
Gibble, C. Interactions between seabirds and harmful algal blooms, S. Shumway, J. Burkholder, S. Morton Eds. Richlen, M. The catastrophic — red tide in the Arabian Gulf region, with observations on the identification and phylogeny of the fish-killing dinoflagellate Cochlodinium polykrikoides. Harmful algae , 9 2 , pp.
Thronson, A. Fifty-five years of fish kills in coastal Texas. Estuaries and Coasts , 31 4 , pp. Rather than attempting to put a band-aid on the problem, custom management plans work to inhibit or reduce the dominance of these toxic species.
Each lake community is unique and is evaluated for the best possible lake management plan to fit its needs. A goal of zero fish loss every year is obtainable with the right, consistent plan in place. Preventative management techniques to strengthen the natural health and balance of the aquatic ecosystem include regular water quality monitoring to ensure water pH, salinity, nutrient levels, and other parameters are within ideal ranges.
And as proven through the management of cyanobacteria blooms, nanobubble technology may eventually be identified as an effective solution for eradicating golden algae, though more research and development are required. Finally, educating residents and fishing enthusiasts may go a long way in preventing golden algae blooms, which can spread to new waterbodies through contact with boats and equipment.
If preventative management plans are not already in place, alternative options are available. SOLitude is experienced in the eradication of golden algae blooms. Targeted algaecides can quickly eradicate the toxin-producing golden algae present throughout the water column without impacting fish or wildlife. The presence of other algal species can impact the management approach and may require the exploration of alternate strategies.
Why plan ahead and budget extra for golden algae control? They form the base of the aquatic food chain and are an essential nutrient for filter feeding bivalve shellfish and for the larvae of commercially important crustaceans and finfish.
According to Prof. Keith Davidson, associate director of the Scottish Association for Marine Science SAMS , phytoplankton are responsible for more than half of the photosynthetic activity on the planet. The first written reference to a HAB causing mass mortalities in fish appears in the Bible, while one of the first recorded fatal cases of human poisoning from eating shellfish contaminated with toxic phytoplankton was in , when Capt.
Despite a millennia of awareness about HABs, their causes and effects have only been widely studied in the past few decades, as they began to give the developing global aquaculture industry troubles: severe economic losses for fish and shellfish farmers and major environmental and human health impacts.
Blooms may kill fish in several ways. For example, a densely concentrated algal bloom can deplete oxygen in the water due to the high respiration rate of the algae, or by bacterial respiration during their decay.
In effect, the fish suffocate. Some algae cause damage to the gills of fish, with a similar result that they are unable to take in enough oxygen. Wild fish can also be affected by HABs, but they are generally able to swim deeper, such as in a fjord or loch, or to swim away. Algae threatens humans who ingest filter-feeding shellfish like oysters and mussels.
Biotoxins concentrate within the shellfish flesh, causing illnesses like paralytic shellfish poisoning PSP , diarrhetic shellfish poisoning DSP and amnesic shellfish poisoning ASP.
Crabs that feed on shellfish can also become toxic. Common perception has it that all HABs are causally linked to raised concentrations of nutrients, for example from fish farms or from land run-off.
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